Agnini, C., Fornaciari, E., Raffi, I., Catanzariti, R., Pälike, H., Backman, J., and Rio, D.: Biozonation and biochronology of Paleogene calcareous nannofossils from low and middle latitudes, Newsl. Stratigr., 47, 131–181, https://doi.org/10.1127/0078-0421/2014/0042, 2014.
Agnostou, E., John, E. H., Edgar, K. M., Foster, G. L., Ridgwell, A., Inglis, G. N., Pancost, R. D., Lunt, D. J., and Pearson, P. N.: Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate, Nature, 533, 380–384, https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17423, 2016.
Alegret, L. and Thomas, E.: Benthic foraminifera across the Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary in the Southern Ocean (ODP Site 690): diversity, food and carbonate saturation, Mar. Micropaleontol., 105, 40–51, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30055.1, 2013.
Alegret, L., Ortiz, S., Arenillas, I., and Molina, E.: What happens when the ocean is overheated? The foraminiferal response across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum at the Alamedilla section (Spain), Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 122, 1616–1624, https://doi.org/10.1130/B30055.1, 2010.
Alegret, L., Arreguín-Rodríguez, G. J., Trasviña-Moreno, C. A., and Thomas, E.: Turnover and stability in the deep sea: benthic foraminifera as tracers of Paleogene global change, Global Planet. Change, 196, 103372, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103372, 2021a.
Alegret, L., Harper, D. T., Agnini, C., Newsham, C., Westerhold, T., Cramwinckel, M. J., Dallanave, E., Dickens, G. R., and Sutherland, R.: Biotic Response to early Eocene Warming Events: Integrated Record from Offshore Zealandia, north Tasman Sea, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 36, e2020PA004179, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004179, 2021b.
Arreguín-Rodríguez, G. J. and Alegret, L.: Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal turnover across early Eocene hyperthermal events at Northeast Atlantic DSDP Site 550, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 451, 62–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.03.010, 2022.
Arreguín-Rodríguez, G. J., Thomas, E., D'haenens, S., Speijer, R. P., and Alegret, L.: Early Eocene deep-sea benthic faunas: recovery in globally warm oceans, PLoS One, 13, e0193167, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193167, 2018.
Aubry, M. P.: Late Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton evolution: A tale of climatic deterioration, in: Eocene–Oligocene climatic and biotic evolution, edited by: Prothero, D. R. and Berggren, W. A., Princeton University Press, 272–309, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400862924.272, 1992.
Aubry, M. P.: Early Paleogene calcareous nannoplankton evolution: a tale of climatic amelioration, in: Late Paleocene and Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution, edited by: Aubry, M. P., Lucas, S., and Berggren, W. A., Columbia University Press, New York, 158–203, 1998.
Auer, G., Piller, W. E., and Harzhauser, M.: High-resolution calcareous nannoplankton palaeoecology as a proxy for small-scale environmental changes in the Early Miocene, Mar. Micropaleontol., 111, 53–65, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.06.005, 2014.
Bartol, M., Pavšič, J., Dobnikar, M., and Bernasconi, S. M.: Unusual Braarudosphaera bigelowii and Micrantholithus vesper enrichment in the Early Miocene sediments from the Slovenian Corridor, a seaway linking the Central Paratethys and the Mediterranean, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 267, 77–88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.06.005, 2008.
Baumann, K. H., Saavedra-Pellitero, M., Böckel, B., and Ott, C.: Morphometry, biogeography and ecology of Calcidiscus and Umbilicosphaera in the South Atlantic, Revue de Micropaléontologie, 59, 239–251, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.revmic.2016.03.001, 2016.
Bernhard, J. M. and San Gupta, B. K.: Foraminifera of oxygen-depleted environments, in: Modern foraminifera, Springer, Dordrecht, 201–216, https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48104-9_12, 1999.
Bice, K. L., Scotese, C. R., Seidov, D., and Barron, E. J.: Quantifying the role of geographic change in Cenozoic ocean heat transport using uncoupled atmosphere and ocean models, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 161, 295–310, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00072-9, 2000.
Bidigare, R. R., Benitez-Nelson, C., Leonard, C. L., Quay, P. D., Parsons, M. L., Foley, D. G., and Seki, M. P.: Influence of a cyclonic eddy on microheterotroph biomass and carbon export in the lee of Hawaii, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1318, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016393, 2003.
Billett, D. M. S., Lampitt, R. S., Rice, A. L., and Mantoura, R. F. C.: Seasonal sedimentation of phytoplankton to the deep-sea benthos, Nature, 302, 520–522, 1983.
Boersma, A., Premoli Silva, I., and Shackleton, N. J.: Atlantic Eocene planktonic foraminiferal paleohydrographic indicators and stable isotope paleoceanography, Paleoceanography, 2, 287–331, https://doi.org/10.1029/PA002i003p00287, 1987.
Borrelli, C., Cramer, B. S., and Katz, M. E.: Bipolar Atlantic deepwater circulation in the middle-late Eocene: Effects of Southern Ocean gateway openings, Paleoceanography, 29, 308–327, https://doi.org/10.1002/2012PA002444, 2014.
Borrelli, C., Katz, M. E., and Toggweiler, J. R.: Middle to late Eocene changes of the ocean carbonate cycle, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl.,36, e2020PA004168, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004168, 2021.
Borowski, W.: A review of methane and gas hydrates in the dynamic, stratified system of the Blake Ridge region, offshore southeastern North America, Chem. Geol., 205, 311–346, 2004.
Boscolo-Galazzo, F. B., Thomas, E., and Giusberti, L.: Benthic foraminiferal response to the Middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO) in the south-eastern Atlantic (ODP Site 1263), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,417, 432–444, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.004, 2015.
Bouchet, V. M., Sauriau, P. G., Debenay, J. P., Mermillod-Blondin, F., Schmidt, S., Amiard, J. C., and Dupas, B.: Influence of the mode of macrofauna-mediated bioturbation on the vertical distribution of living benthic foraminifera: first insight from axial tomodensitometry, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 371, 20–33, 2009.
Bown, P. R. and Young, J. R.: Techniques, in: Calcareous Nannofossil Biostratigraphy, edited by: Bown, P. R., Dordrecht, the Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishing, 16–28, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4902-0_2, 1998.
Bukry, D.: Coccoliths as paleosalinity indicators: evidence from the Black Sea, AAPG Memoir, 20, 303–327, https://doi.org/10.1306/M20377C2, 1974.
Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Wright, J. D., Katz, M. E., and Miller, K. G.: Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001683, 2009.
Cramwinckel, M. J., Huber, M., Kocken, I. J., Agnini, C., Bijl, P. K., Bohaty, S. M., Frieling, J., Goldner, A., Hilgen, F. J., Kip, E. L., Petersen, F., van der Ploeg, R., Röhl, U., Schouten, S., and Sluijs, A.: Synchronous tropical and polar temperature evolution in the Eocene, Nature, 559, 382–386, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0272-2, 2018.
Corliss, B. H.: Microhabitats of benthic foraminifera within deep-sea sediments, Nature, 314, 435–438, https://doi.org/10.1038/314435a0, 1985.
Corliss, B. H. and Chen, C.: Morphotype patterns of Norwegian Sea deep-sea benthic foraminifera and ecological implications, Geology, 16, 716–719, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0716:MPONSD>2.3.CO;2, 1988.
De Entrambasaguas, J., Westerhold, T., Jones, H., and Alegret, L.: Stable isotopes of benthic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils from ODP Site 171-1053, PANGAEA [data set], https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.965594, 2024.
Dewar, W. K. and Flierl, G. R.: Some effects of the wind on rings, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 17, 1653–1667, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1987)017<1653:SEOTWO>2.0.CO;2, 1987.
Dickens, G. R.: Down the Rabbit Hole: toward appropriate discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events, Clim. Past, 7, 831–846, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-7-831-2011, 2011.
Dore, J. E., Letelier, R. M., Church, M. J., Lukas, R., and Karl, D. M.: Summer phytoplankton blooms in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical gyre: historical perspective and recent observations, Prog. Oceanogr., 76, 2–38, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2007.10.002, 2008.
Fenero, R., Thomas, E., Alegret, L., and Molina, E.: Evolución paleoambiental del tránsito Eoceno-Oligoceno en el Atlántico Sur (Sondeo 1263) basada en foraminíferos bentonicos, Geogaceta, 49, 3–6, 2010.
Fenero, R., Thomas, E., Alegret, L., and Molina, E.: Oligocene benthic foraminifera from the Fuente Caldera section (Spain, western Tethys): taxonomy and paleoenvironmental inferences, J. Foramin. Res., 42, 286–304, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.42.4.286, 2012.
Flores, J. A., Sierro, F. J., Filippelli, G. M., Bárcena, M. Á., Pérez-Folgado, M., Vázquez, A., and Utrilla, R.: Surface water dynamics and phytoplankton communities during deposition of cyclic late Messinian sapropel sequences in the western Mediterranean, Mar. Micropaleontol., 56, 50–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2005.04.002, 2005.
Fontanier, C., Jorissen, F. J., Licari, L., Alexandre, A., Anschutz, P., and Carbonel, P.: Live benthic foraminiferal faunas from the Bay of Biscay: faunal density, composition, and microhabitats, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 49, 751–785, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0967-0637(01)00078-4, 2002.
Fuglister, F. C.: Cyclonic rings formed by the Gulf Stream 1965–1966, in: Studies in Physical Oceanography: A tribute to George Wust on His 80th Birthday, edited by: Gordon, A., 137–168, Gordon and Breach, New York, 1972.
Gibbs, S. J., Sheward, R. M., Bown, P. R., Poulton, A. J., and Alvarez, S. A.: Warm plankton soup and red herrings: calcareous nannoplankton cellular communities and the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 376, 20170075, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0075, 2018.
Gooday, A. J.: Meiofaunal foraminiferans from the bathyal Pocupine Seabight (Northeast Atlantic): size structure, standing crop, taxonomic composition, species diversity and vertical distribution in the sediment, Deep-Sea Res., 33, 1345–1373, 1986.
Gooday, A. J.: Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal species which exploit phytodetritus: characteristic features and controls on distribution, Mar. Micropaleontol., 22, 187–205, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(93)90043-W, 1993.
Gooday, A. J.: The biology of deep-sea foraminifera: a review of some advances and their applications in paleoceanography, Palaios, 9, 14–31, https://doi.org/10.2307/3515075, 1994.
Gooday, A. J.: Epifaunal and shallow infaunal foraminiferal communities at three abyssal NE Atlantic sites subject to differing phytodetritus input regimes, Deep-Sea Res., 43, 1395–1421, 1996.
Gooday, A. J. and Hughes, J. A.: Foraminifera associated with phytodetritus deposits at a bathyal site in the northern Rockall Trough (NE Atlantic): seasonal contrasts and a comparison of stained and dead assemblages, Mar. Micropaleontol., 46, 83–110, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(02)00050-6, 2002.
Gooday, A. J. and Turley, C. M.: Responses by benthic organisms to inputs of organic material to the ocean floor: a review, Philos. T. R. Soc. A., 331, 119–138, https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1990.0060, 1990.
Gordon, A. L.: The role of thermohaline circulation in global climate change, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory 1990 and 1991 Report, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory Technical Report, 44–51, https://doi.org/10.7916/D8M04G8H 1991.
Greene, S. E., Ridgwell, A., Kirtland-Turner, S., Schmidt, D. N., Pälike, H., Thomas, E., Greene, L. K., and Hoogakker, B. A. A.: Early Cenozoic decoupling of climate and carbonate compensation depth trends, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 34, 930–945, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003601, 2019.
Griffith, E. M., Thomas, E., Lewis, A. R., Penman, D. E., Westerhold, T., and Winguth, A. M. E.: Bentho-Pelagic decoupling: The marine biological carbon pump during Eocene hyperthermals, Paleoceanogr. Paleocl., 36, e2020PA004053, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020PA004053, 2021.
Guernet, C. and Bellier, J. P.: Ostracodes paléocènes et éocènes du blake nose (Leg ODP 171B) et évolution des environnements bathyaux au large de la Floride, Revue de Micropaléontologie, 43, 249–279, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-1598(00)90140-5, 2000.
Hesse, R. and Harrison, W. E.: Gas hydrates (clathrates) causing porewater freshening and oxygen isotope fractionation in deep-water sedimentary sections of terrigenous continental margins, Earth. Planet. Sc. Lett., 55, 453–462, 1981.
Holbourn, A., Henderson, A. S., and MacLeod, N.: Atlas of benthic foraminifera, John Wiley and Sons, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118452493, 2013.
Hotinski, R. M. and Toggweiler, J. R.: Impact of a Tethyan circumglobal passage on ocean heat transport and “equable” climates, Paleoceanography, 18, 1007, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001PA000730, 2003.
Huber, M. and Sloan, L. C.: Climatic responses to tropical sea surface temperature changes on a “greenhouse” Earth, Paleoceanography, 15, 443–450, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999PA000455, 2000.
Hutchinson, D. K., de Boer, A. M., Coxall, H. K., Caballero, R., Nilsson, J., and Baatsen, M.: Climate sensitivity and meridional overturning circulation in the late Eocene using GFDL CM2.1, Clim. Past, 14, 789–810, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-14-789-2018, 2018.
Jones, H. L., Scrobola, Z., and Bralower, T. J.: Size and shape variation in the calcareous nannoplankton genus Braarudosphaera following the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction: clues as to its evolutionary success, Paleobiology, 47, 680–703, https://doi.org/10.1017/pab.2021.15, 2021.
Jorissen, F. J. and Wittling, I.: Ecological evidence from livedead comparisons of benthic foraminiferal faunas off Cape Blanc (Northwest Africa), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 149, 151–170, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00198-9, 1999.
Jorissen, F. J., de Stigter, H. C., and Widmark, J. G.: A conceptual model explaining benthic foraminiferal microhabitats, Mar. Micropaleontol., 26, 3–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(95)00047-X, 1995.
Jorissen, F. J., Fontanier, C., and Thomas, E.: Paleoceanographical proxies based on deep-sea benthic foraminiferal assemblage characteristics, in: Proxies in Late Cenozoic Paleoceanography: Pt. 2: Biological tracers and biomarkers, edited by: Hillaire-Marcel, C. and de Vernal, A., Elsevier, 263–326, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01012-3, 2007.
Kallanxhi, M. E., Bălc, R., Ćorić, S., Székely, S. F., and Filipescu, S.: The Rupelian–Chattian transition in the north-western Transylvanian Basin (Romania) revealed by calcareous nannofossils: implications for biostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental reconstruction, Geol. Carpath., 69, 264–282, https://doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2018-0016, 2018.
Kameo, K.: Late Pliocene Caribbean surface water dynamics and climatic changes based on calcareous nannofossil records, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl.,179, 211–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00432-1, 2002.
Kamikuri, S. and Wade, B. S.: Radiolarian magnetobiochronology and faunal turnover across the middle/late Eocene boundary at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1052 in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Micropaleontol., 88–89, 41–53, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marmicro.2012.03.001, 2012.
Kassambara, A. and Mundt, F.: factoextra: Extract and Visualize the Results of Multivariate Data Analyses, R package version 1.0.7, https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/factoextra/ (last access: April 2023), 2020.
Katz, M. E., Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Esmay, G., Liu, C., Miller, K. G., Rosenthal, Y., Wade, B. S., and Wright, J. D.: Impact of Antarctic Circumpolar Current development on late Paleogene ocean structure, Science, 332, 1076–1079, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1202122, 2011.
Kelly, D. C., Norris, R. D., and Zachos, J. C.: Deciphering the paleoceanographic significance of Early Oligocene Braarudosphaera chalks in the South Atlantic, Mar. Micropaleontol., 49, 49–63, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8398(03)00027-6, 2003.
Kroon, D., Norris, R. D., Klaus, A., the ODP Leg 171B Shipboard Scientific Party: Drilling Blake Nose: the search for evidence of extreme Palaeogene–Cretaceous climates and extraterrestrial events, Geol. Today, 171B, 222–226, 1998.
Lear, C. H., Elderfield, H., and Wilson, P. A.: Cenozoic deep-sea temperatures and global ice volumes from Mg/Ca in benthic foraminiferal calcite, Science, 287, 269–272, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.287.5451.269, 2000.
Levitus, S., Burgett, R., and Boyer, T. P.: World Ocean Atlas 1994, vol. 3, Salinity, NOAA Atlas NESDIS, 111 pp., NOAA, Silver Spring, Md, https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/1382 (last access: April 2023), 1994a.
Levitus, S., Antonov, J., and Boyer, T. P.: Interannual variability of temperature at a depth of 125 m in the North Atlantic Ocean, Science, 266, 96–99, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.266.5182.96, 1994b.
Liebrand, D., Raffi, I., Fraguas, Á., Laxenaire, R., Bosmans, J. H., Hilgen, F. J., Wilson, P. A., Batenburg, S. J., Beddow, H. M., Bohaty, S. M., and Bown, P. R.: Orbitally forced hyperstratification of the Oligocene South Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 33, 511–529, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017PA003222, 2018.
Loeblich, A. R. and Tappan, H.: Foraminiferal genera and their classification, 2 vols., Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1182 pp., 1987.
Mallon, J., Glock, N., and Schonfeld, J.: The response of benthic foraminifera to low oxygen conditions of the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone, in: Anoxia, Springer, Dordrecht, 305–321, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1896-8_16, 2012.
Martins, V., Dubert, J., Jouanneau, J.-M., Weber, O., Ferreira da Silva, E., Patinha, C., Alveirinho Días, J. M., and Rohca, F.: A multiproxy approach of the Holocene evolution of shelf–slope circulation on the NW Iberian Continental Shelf, Mar. Geol., 239, 1–18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2006.11.001, 2007.
McGillicuddy Jr., D. J., Anderson, L. A., Bates, N. R., Bibby, T., Buesseler, K. O., Carlson, C. A., Davis, C. S., Ewart, C., Falkowski, P. G., Goldthwait, S. A., Hansell, D. A., Jenkins, W. J., Johnson, R., Kosnyrev, V. K., Ledwell, J. R., Li, Q. P., Siegel, D. A., and Steinberg, D. K.: Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms, Science, 316, 1021–1026, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1136256, 2007.
Mohan, K., Gupta, A. K., and Bhaumik, A. K.: Distribution of deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the Neogene of Blake Ridge, NW Atlantic Ocean, J. Micropalaeontol., 30, 33–74, https://doi.org/10.1144/0262-821X10-008, 2011.
Mountain, G. S. and Tucholke, B. E.: Mesozoic and Cenozoic geology of the U.S. continental slope and rise, in: Geologic Evolution of the United States Atlantic Margin, edited by: Poag, C. W., Van Nostrand-Reinhold, New York, 293–341, ISBN 978-0442273064, 1985.
Murphy, C. H.: Blake Plateau. South Carolina Encyclopedia, University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies, https://www.scencyclopedia.org/sce/entries/blake-plateau/ (last access: 5 August 2023), 1995.
Murray, J. W.: Ecology and applications of benthic foraminifera, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511535529, 2006.
Narciso, Á., Flores, J. A., Cachão, M., Javier Sierro, F., Colmenero-Hidalgo, E., Piva, A., and Asioli, A.: Sea surface dynamics and coccolithophore behaviour during sapropel deposition of Marine Isotope Stages 7, 6 and 5 in Western Adriatic sea, Rev. Esp. Micropaleontol., 42, 345–358, 2010.
Norris, R. D., Kroon, D., Klaus, A., and the scientists from expedition 171B: Site 1053, in: Proc. ODP, Init. Repts., 171B, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), edited by: Norris, R. D., Kroon, D., and Klaus, A.,321–348, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.ir.171b.107.1998, 1998.
Norris, R. D., Wilson, P. A., Blum, P., and Expedition 342 Scientists: Paleogene Newfoundland sediment drifts and MDHDS test, in: Procc IODP (Vol. 342), College Station, Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, 2012.
Newsam, C., Bown, P. R., Wade, B. S., and Jones, H. L.: Muted calcareous nannoplankton response at the Middle/Late Eocene Turnover event in the western North Atlantic, Newsl. Stratigr., 50, 297–309, https://doi.org/10.1127/nos/2016/0306, 2017.
Okada, H. and Bukry, D.: Supplementary modification and introduction of code numbers to the low-latitude coccolith biostratigraphic zonation (Bukry, 1973; 1975), Mar. Micropalaeontol., 5, 321–325, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(80)90016-X, 1980.
Okafor, C. U., Thomas, D. J., Wade, B. S., and Firth, J.: Environmental change in the subtropics during the late middle Eocene greenhouse and global implications, Geochem. Geophy. Geosy., 10, Q07003, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009GC002450, 2009.
Ortiz, S. and Thomas, E.: Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal turnover during the early–middle Eocene transition at Walvis Ridge (SE Atlantic), Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 417, 126–136, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.10.023, 2015.
Ozdínová, S. and Soták, J.: Oligocene-Early Miocene planktonic microbiostratigraphy and paleoenvironments of the South Slovakian Basin (Lucenec Depression), Geol. Carpath., 65, 451–470, https://doi.org/10.1515/geoca-2015-0005, 2015.
Paull, C. K. and Dillon, W. P.: Structure, stratigraphy, and geologic history of the Florida-Hatteras shelf and inner Blake Plateau, AAPG Bull., 64, 339–358, https://doi.org/10.1306/2F919404-16CE-11D7-8645000102C1865D, 1980.
Pierre, C., Blanc-Vallleron, M. M., Demange, J., Boudouma, O., Foucher, J. P., Pape, T., Himmler, T., Fakete, N., and Spiess, V.: Authigenic carbonates from active methane seeps offshore southwest Africa, Geo-Mar. Lett., 32, 501–513, 2012.
Pinet, P. R., Popenoe, P., and Nelligan, D. F.: Gulf Stream: Reconstruction of Cenozoic flow patterns over the Blake Plateau, Geology, 9, 266–270, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1981)9<266:GSROCF>2.0.CO;2, 1981.
Raffi, I., Agnini, C., Backman, J., Catanzariti, R., and Pälike, H.: A Cenozoic calcareous nannofossil biozonation from low and middle latitudes: A synthesis, J. Nano. Res., 36, 121–132, https://doi.org/10.58998/jnr2206, 2016.
Rice, A. L., Billett, D. S. M., Fry, J., John, A. W. G., Lampitt, R. S., Mantoura, R. F. C., and Morris, R. J.: Seasonal deposition of phytodetritus to the deep-sea floor, P. Roy. Soc. Edinb. B., 88, 265–279, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269727000004590, 1986.
Richardson, P. L.: Gulf stream rings, in: Eddies in Marine Science, Robinson, A. R., 19–45, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-642-69005-1, 1983.
Riemann, F.: Gelatinous phytoplankton detritus aggregates on the Atlantic deep-sea bed. Structure and mode of formation, Mar. Biol., 100, 533–539, 1989.
Rivero-Cuesta, L., Westerhold, T., Agnini, C., Dallanave, E., Wilkens, R. H., and Alegret, L.: Paleoenvironmental changes at ODP Site 702 (South Atlantic): anatomy of the middle eocene climatic optimum, Paleoceanogr. Paleoclimatol., 34, 2047–2066, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019PA003806, 2019.
Rivero-Cuesta, L., Westerhold, T., and Alegret, L.: The Late Lutetian Thermal Maximum (middle Eocene): first record of deep-sea benthic foraminiferal response, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 545, 109637, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2020.109637, 2020.
Roughan, M., Keating, S. R., Schaeffer, A., Heredia, C. P., Rocha, C., Griffin, D., Robertson, R., and Suthers, I. M.: A tale of two eddies: The biophysical characteristics of two contrasting cyclonic eddies in the East Australian Current System, J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans, 122, 2494–2518, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC012241, 2017.
Saltzman, M. R. and Thomas, E.: Carbon isotope stratigraphy, in: The Geologic Time Scale, edited by: Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G., Elsevier, 207–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00011-1, 2012.
Sanchez-Franks, A. and Zhang, R.: Impact of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation on the decadal variability of the Gulf Stream path and regional chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 9889–9897, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL066262, 2015.
Schlagintweit, F. and Enos, P.: Uppermost Jurassic? – Neocomian shallow-water carbonates of the Blake Nose, USA: DsDp site 392a revisited, Acta Palaeontologica Romaniae,9, 39–56, 2013.
Schnitker, D.: Quaternary deep-sea benthic foraminifers and water masses, Annu. Rev. Earth Pl. Sc., 8, 343–370, 1980.
Scotese, C. R.: PALEOMAP PaleoAtlas for GPlates and the PaleoData Plotter Program, PALEOMAP Project, https://www.earthbyte.org/paleomap-paleoatlas-for-gplates/ (last access: March 2023), 2016.
Schönfeld, J.: Benthic foraminifera and pore-water oxygen profiles: a re-assessment of species boundary conditions at the western Iberian margin, J. Foramin. Res., 31, 86–107, https://doi.org/10.2113/0310086, 2001.
Singh, R. K. and Gupta, A. K.: Deep-sea benthic foraminiferal changes in the eastern Indian Ocean (ODP Hole 757B): Their links to deep Indonesian (Pacific) flow and high latitude glaciation during the Neogene, Episodes, 33, 74–82, https://doi.org/10.18814/epiiugs/2010/v33i2/001, 2010.
Singh, D. P., Saraswat, R., and Nigam, R: Untangling the effect of organic matter and dissolved oxygen on living benthic foraminifera in the southeastern Arabian Sea, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 172, 112883, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112883, 2021.
Smart, C. W., King, S. C., Gooday, A. J., Murray, J. W., and Thomas, E.: A benthic foraminiferal proxy of pulsed organic matter paleofluxes, Mar. Micropaleontol.,23, 89–99, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8398(94)90002-7, 1994.
Sun, X., Corliss, B. H., Brown, C. W., and Showers, W. J.: The effect of primary productivity and seasonality on the distribution of deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 53, 28–47, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2005.07.003, 2006.
Sundby, S., Drinkwater, K. F., and Kjesbu, O. S.: The North Atlantic spring-bloom system-Where the changing climate meets the winter dark, Front. Mar. Sci., 3, 28, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00028, 2016.
Suhr, S. B. and Pond, D. W.: Antarctic benthic foraminifera facilitate rapid cycling of phytoplankton-derived organic carbon, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. II, 53, 895–902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2006.02.002, 2006.
Suhr, S. B., Pond, D. W., Gooday, A. J., and Smith, C. R.: Selective feeding by benthic foraminifera on phytodetritus on the western Antarctic Peninsula shelf: evidence from fatty acid biomarker analysis, Mar. Ecol.-Prog. Ser., 262, 153–162, https://doi.org/10.3354/meps262153, 2003.
Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Schriever, G., Lochte, K., Gooday, A. J., Hemleben, C. C., Mantoura, R. F. C., Turley, C. M., Patching, J. W., and Riemann, F.: Phytodetritus on the deep-sea floor in a central oceanic region of the Northeast Atlantic, Biol. Oceanogr., 6, 203–239, 1989.
Thomas, E. and Zachos, J. C.: Was the late Paleocene thermal maximum a unique event?, GFF, 122, 169–170, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890001221169, 2000.
Thomas, E., Booth, L., Maslin, M., and Shackleton, N. J.: Northeastern Atlantic benthic foraminifera during the last 45,000 years: changes in productivity seen from the bottom up, Paleoceanography, 10, 545–562, https://doi.org/10.1029/94PA03056, 1995.
Thomas, E., Zachos, J. C., Bralower, T. J., Huber, B., MacLeod, K., and Wing, S.: Deep-sea environments on a warm earth: latest Paleocene-early Eocene, in: Warm Climates in Earth History, edited by: Huber, B. T., Macleod, K. G., and Wing, S. L., Division III Faculty Publications, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 132–160, 2010.
Tucholke, B. E. and Moutain, G. S.: Tertiary palaeoceanography of the western North Atlantic, in: The Western North Atlantic Region, Volume M: The Geology of North America, edited by: Vogt, P. and Tucholke, B., Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, https://doi.org/10.1130/DNAG-GNA-M.631, 1986.
Ussler III, W. and Paull, C. K.: Effects of ion exclusion and isotopic fractionation on pore water geochemistry during gas hydrate formation and decomposition, Geo-Mar. Lett., 15, 37–44, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01204496, 1995.
Van Morkhoven, F. M., Berggren, W. A., and Edwards, A. S.: Cenozoic cosmopolitan deep-water benthic foraminifera, B. Cent. Rech. Expl., 18, 90–91, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsjfr.18.1.90, 1986.
Van Mourik, C. A., Brinkhuis, H., and Williams, G. L.: Mid-to Late Eocene organic-walled dinoflagellate cysts from ODP Leg 171B, offshore Florida, Geol. Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub., 183, 225–251, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.183.01.11, 2001.
Villa, G., Fioroni, C., Persico, D., Roberts, A. P., and Florindo, F.: Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene Antarctic glaciation/deglaciation and southern ocean productivity, Paleoceanography, 29, 223–237, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013PA002518, 2014.
Wade, B. S. and Bown, P. R.: Calcareous nannofossils in extreme environments: the Messinian salinity crisis, Polemi Basin, Cyprus, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 233, 271–286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.10.007, 2006.
Wade, B. S. and Kroon, D.: Middle Eocene regional climate instability: Evidence from the western North Atlantic, Geology, 30, 1011–1014, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<1011:MERCIE>2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Wade, B. S., Kroon, D., and Norris, R. D.: Upwelling in the late middle Eocene at Blake Nose?, GFF, 122, 174–175, https://doi.org/10.1080/11035890001221174, 2000.
Wade, B. S., Kroon, D., and Norris, R. D.: Orbitally forced climate change in the late middle Eocene at Blake Nose (Leg 171B): Evidence from stable isotopes, in Western North Atlantic Palaeogene and Cretaceous Palaeoceanography Foraminifera, edited by: Kroon, D., Norris, R. D., and Klaus, A., Geological Society Special Publications, 183, 273–291, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.183.01.13, 2001.
Watkins, D. K. and Self-Trail, J. M.: Calcareous nannofossil evidence for the existence of the Gulf Stream during the late Maastrichtian, Paleoceanography, 20, PA3006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001121, 2005.
Wefer, G., Berger, W. H., Bijma, J., and Fischer, G.: Clues to ocean history: A brief overview of proxies, in: Use of Proxies in Paleoceanography: Examples from the South Atlantic, edited by: Fischer, G. and Wefer, G., Springer-Verlagsexpertise, 1–68, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58646-0_1, 1999.
Westerhold, T., Marwan, N., Drury, A. J., Liebrand, D., Agnini, C., Anagnostou, E., Barnet, J. S. K., Bohaty, S. M., De Vleeschouwer, D., Florindo, F., Frederichs, T., Hodell, D. A., Holbourn, A. E., Kroon, D., Lauretano, V., Littler, K., Lourens, L. J., Lyle, M., Pälike, H., Röhl, U., Tian, J., Wilkens, R. H., Wilson, P. A., and Zachos, J. C.: An astronomically dated record of Earth's climate and its predictability over the last 66 million years, Science, 369, 1383–1387, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba6853, 2020.
Wei, W., Villa, G., and Wise, S. W.: Paleoceanographic implications of Eocene-Oligocene calcareous nannofossils from Sites 711 and 748 in the Indian Ocean. Proc. Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Res., 120, 979–999, https://doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.120.199.1992, 1992.
Witkowski, J., Bryłka, K., Bohaty, S. M., Mydłowska, E., Penman, D. E., and Wade, B. S.: North Atlantic marine biogenic silica accumulation through the early to middle Paleogene: implications for ocean circulation and silicate weathering feedback, Clim. Past, 17, 1937–1954, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-17-1937-2021, 2021.
Young, J. R., Bown, P. R., and Lees, J. A.: Nannotax3 website, International Nannoplankton Association, https://www.mikrotax.org/Nannotax3, last access: 21 April 2022.
Zachos, J., Stott, L. D., and Lohmann, K. C.: Evolution of the early Cenozoic marine temperatures, Paleoceanography, 9, 3153–387, https://doi.org/10.1029/93PA03266, 1994.
Zachos, J. C., Röhl, U., Schellenberg, S. A., Sluijs, A., Hodell, D. A., Kelly, D. C., Thomas, E., Nicolo, M., Raffi, I., Lourens, L. J., McCarren, H., and Kroon, D.: Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal Maximum, Science, 308, 1611–1615, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1109004, 2005.
Zachos, J. C., McCarren, H., Murphy, B., Röhl, U., and Westerhold, T.: Tempo and scale of late Paleocene and early Eocene carbon isotope cycles: implications for the origin of hyperthermals, Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 299, 242–249, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2010.09.004, 2010.
